William DeVane (1838-1909), planter of Ray’s Mill, Berrien County, GA after a brief stint in the Confederate Army provided a substitute to fulfill his military enlistment. Image courtesy of http://www.berriencountyga.com/
William Devane was born in Lowndes, now Berrien County, March 30, 1838. He was a son of Francis Devane. His grandfather, Captain John Devane, was a soldier in the Revolutionary War. William’s father and uncles Benjamin (1795-1879) and William Devane (1786-1870) had come to Lowndes County from Bulloch County, GA about 1831 along with others of the Devane family connection.
The 1850 census places William Devane in his father’s Lowndes County household, along with his older siblings Benjamin and Patrick who worked as laborers. William, age 12, apparently was not yet assisting with the farm work, although records do not indicate that he was attending school at that time, either. William’s brother Thomas was working the farm next door. Some of the neighbors included Samuel Connell, William Parrish, Ansel Parrish, Absolom Parrish, James Parrish, James J. Fountain and Thomas Futch.
At the time of the 1860 census, William and Benjamin Devane were still living in their father’s household and working at farming. The census records indicate William, age 23, attended school that year. Patrick Devane and Thomas Devane had farms nearby. Neighbors then included Nathaniel Cooper, William B. Turner, Henry J. Bostick, Fredrick M. Giddens, John A. Money, and Ansel Parrish.
During the Civil War, William and his three brothers all joined the army. William was the first to join, enlisting in the Berrien Light Infantry, Company I, 50th Georgia Regiment as a private on March 4, 1862, at Nashville, GA. Benjamin Devane enlisted in the same company May 9, 1862, at Nashville, GA. He was later elected 2nd Lieutenant of Company D, 50th GA Regiment and served to the end of the war. Patrick joined Company I on August 14, 1862, at Calhoun, GA. He fell out sick at Culpepper, VA on November 18, 1862, and died in a Confederate hospital on December 13, 1862; Patrick’s estate was administered by William Giddens. William Devane’s brother Thomas Devane enlisted in Company H, Georgia 1st Infantry Regiment on December 21, 1862.
William Devane and the 50th Georgia Regiment were sent to the defenses around Savannah. Sergeant Ezekiel Parrish, son of the Devane’s neighbor James Parrish, wrote home on April 23, 1862, describing their encampment situated near Savannah:
“… about one or one and a half miles east of the city where we can have a fair view of the church steeples and the nearest part of the town…Our camps are very disagreeable now in consequence of the dryness of the weather, the ground being sandy and loose and the winds high. it keeps ones eyes full of sand almost all the time which is not a very good remedy…It is about one mile or little over to the river from our camps. We can see the steamboats passing almost constantly…Our camps are situated near extensive earthworks or entrenchments for the protection of our troops should the enemy attempt to attack the city by land. Fort Boggs [is] on the river below town about 1/2 miles below…it commands the river tolerable well. the marsh between the channel and the fort is about 1/4 of a mile wide and the fort is on a high bluff at the edge of the marsh and is covered from the view of the river by a strand of thick bushes on the hillside…Captain Lamb‘s Company [Berrien Minute Men, 29th Georgia Regiment] has moved from Camp Tatnall to a place on the river below fort Jackson and about one mile and a half from Berrien Light Infantry, Company I, 50th Georgia Regiment.
The 50th Georgia Regiment went on station at Fort Brown. Fort Brown was situated at the Catholic Cemetery at what is now the intersection of Skidaway Road and Gwinnett Street.
Fort Brown was one of the anchors of an extensive earthworks protecting Savannah.
A line of formidable earthworks, within easy range of each other, in many places connected by curtains, and armed with siege and field guns, was thrown up for the immediate protection of Savannah. Commencing at Fort Boggs on the Savannah River and thence extending south and west in a semi-circular form, enveloping the at distances varying from one to two and a quarter miles, it terminated at the Springfield plantation swamp. The principal fortifications in this line were Fort Boggs, mounting fourteen guns, some of them quite heavy and commanding the Savannah River – Fort Brown, near the Catholic Cemetery, armed with eleven guns – and Fort Mercer, having a battery of nine guns. Between Springfield plantation swamp – where the right of the line rested just beyond Laurel Grove cemetery – and Fort Mercer, were eighteen lunettes, mounting in the aggregate twenty guns. Connecting Fort Mercer with Fort Brown was a cremaillere line with nine salients, mounting in the aggregate eight guns. Between Fort Brown and Fort Boggs were seven lunettes armed with eight guns. These works were well supplied with magazines. It will be noted that the armaments of these city lines consisted of seventy pieces of artillery of various calibers, among which 32, 24,18, 12, and 6 pounder guns predominated. A considerable supply of ammunition was kept on hand in the magazines. – Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume 17
On May 18, 1862, Ezekiel Parrish wrote from “Savannah, Ga Camps near Fort Brown”:
We are living very hard here now for the soldiers rations of bacon have been reduced to so small a portion that we are pretty hard {illegible} for something to grease with. Several of our last ration of bacon has been less than one pound to the man for four May’s rations, but of the other kinds of provisions we draw plenty to do well though the pickel beef is so poor and salt and strong that it is not very good and in fact some will do without before they will eat it. Occasionally we get some fresh beef but it is very poor without any grease to go with it…The water here is very bad and brackish and a continual use of it is enough to make anybody sick.
William Devane, 24 years of age, would serve only a short time before seeking a substitute. Substitution was a form of Civil War draft evasion available to those who could afford it.
Substitution
With war a reality, the Confederate legislature passed a law in October 1861 declaring that all able-bodied white men were obligated to serve in the military. This statute allowed substitutions for men who had ‘volunteered’ for the militia. It also permitted those not required by law to enlist in the military to serve as substitutes. However, by the Spring of 1862, after a year of fighting and hardship, the flow of new volunteers became a trickle, which forced the Confederacy to pass the first American conscription law. In April 1862 the legislature authorized a draft of men between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five years. This law also allowed substitutes to be used. Later that year, in September 1862, the legislature extended the maximum draft-eligible age to forty-five years. The revision specifically stated that only those who were not eligible for the draft presumably those too old, too young, or foreign citizens – could serve as substitutes. – Mary L. Wilson, 2005, Profiles in Evasion
The market price of a soldier, it is said, soon mounted to from $1500 to $3000. …To employ a substitute or to accept services as one was regarded by many, and almost universally so in army circles, as highly reprehensible. – A. B. Moore, 1924, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy
After just over three months of service and without engaging in any action, Devane secured a discharge from the army June 18, 1862, by furnishing a substitute. According to company rolls, John R. Croley enlisted that same day at Fort Brown, Savannah, GA as a substitute in Devane’s stead. The 47-year-old Croley (also Crowley or Crawley) was himself exempt from military service. Croley had brought his family from Sumter County to Berrien County in 1860.
Shortly after assuming Devane’s place, Croley and the rest of the 50th Georgia Regiment were sent to Camp Lee in Virginia. Croley was to have a rough time of it. Soon sick, he was left behind at the camp when the regiment pulled out on August 21, 1862. In February 1863 he was admitted to Chimborazo Hospital No. 2, Richmond, VA with Rheumatism. On March 12, he was admitted to the C.S.A. General Hospital at Farmville, VA with diarrhea.
Confederate service record of John R. Croley, substitute for William DeVane.
Croley returned to duty April 29. He was with his unit when the 50th GA Regiment entered the Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863. Severely wounded and taken prisoner of war, he was sent to one of the Union hospitals in and about Gettysburg. His arm was amputated, but he did not recover. He died of wounds July 31, 1863. The location of his burial is not known, presumably in the vicinity of Gettysburg. A monument in his memory marks an empty grave at Keel Cemetery, Valdosta, GA.
Centograph of John R. Croley (Crawley), Keel Cemetery, Valdosta, GA. Croley was mortally wounded at Gettysburg, PA while serving as a substitute for William Devane. Image source: Karen Camp.
Legal notice of administration of the estate of John R. Croley in Berrien County, GA
Croley left behind a widow and four children in Berrien County. William Devane sat out the rest of the war.
Devane was married on May 10, 1865, in Dooly County, GA to Miss Sarah Jane “Sallie” Butler of that county. She was born February 12, 1842, a daughter of Ezekiel and Eliza Butler.
Marriage Certificate of William Devane and Sallie Butler, Dooley County, GA
Born to William and Sallie were eleven children:
- Emma Lorena Devane, born February 18, 1866, married George W. Marsh of Sumter County, FL.
- Marcus LaFayette Devane, born April 25, 1867, died September 15, 1889.
- Columbus Clark Devane, born February 11, 1869, never married.
- Ada Belle Devane, born April 10, 1870, married William J. Hodges of Lowndes County, GA
- Ezekiel H. Devane, born December 4, 1872, married Beulah Parrish, daughter of Elbert Parrish.
- William E. Pemberton Devane, born November 8, 1875, married Mary McClelland, daughter of Robert McClelland
- John F. Devane, born August 2, 1877; died October 1878.
- Benjamin Robert Devane, born October 15, 1879; married Bessie Whitehurst, daughter of Nehemiah Whitehurst
- Caulie Augustus Devane, born September 15, 1882; married Alma Albritton, daughter of Matthew Hodge Albritton
- Connard Cleveland Devane, born November 11, 1884; married Nellie Mae Coppage, daughter of Jehu Coppage
- Onnie Lee Devane, born November 11, 1884; married John W. Strickland, son of William J. Strickland of Clinch County.
The homeplace of William Devane was about four and half miles west of Ray City on the Nashville-Valdosta Road. It was situated on the north half of lot 457, 10th district. Possum Creek, a tributary of Cat Creek, crosses the northeast corner of this land. The place was given to William by his father before the elder Devane’s death in 1868. William Devane had received no deed however, and title was vested in him March 1870, by arbitration proceedings agreed to by all the heirs.
The 1870 Census enumeration shows that William Devane’s household then included his wife, Sarah Jane, and children, Emma, Marcus, Columbus, and Ada, as well as an African-American boy, Rufus Prine, who at age 11 was working as farm labor. William’s brother, Benjamin Mitchell Devane (1835-1912), was a notary public and an alderman in the city government of Adel, GA.
Berrien County Tax records also document that after the War, William Devane worked his farm with the help of freedman Joseph Prine. The relationship between Joseph and Rufus is not known. Joseph Prine was born into slavery in South Carolina in 1816. The 1872 tax records show Devane employed seven hands between the ages of 12 and 65. This count matches with the 1870 Census enumeration of the Joseph Prine household, which then included Joe Prine (56), Jane Prine (54), Samuel Prine (22), Chaney Prine (33), Elza Prine (17), Jasper Prine (14), and George Prine (11), as well as the younger Prine children, Jinnie (8), Huldy (7), Eliza (5), and Philip(2).
In 1872, the William Devane farm consisted of 508 acres on portions of lots 457 and 418 in the 10th Land District. To the north was Mary Devane with 755 acres on Lots 418 and 412. Benjamin Mitchell Devane also owned portions of Lot 418 and 419. John Baker had 122 acres on Lot 419. William H. Outlaw had 245 acres on Lot 419. To the south, John W. Hagan owned 356 acres on lots 503 and 504. J.S. Roberts also had some acreage on 503 and 504. To the east, the Reverend John G. Taylor, Sr. had 400 acres on Lot 456. By 1877 John Webb had acquired a 1470 acre tract just to the northeast of the William Devane place.
William DeVane developed one of the finest plantations in Berrien County, containing 935 acres. It was situated on a public road and Possum Creek. The main house was six-rooms, and there was also a three-room house and a tenant house on the place. The six-horse farm of over 100 cultivated acres was said to produce a bale of cotton to the acre. Devane kept 120 head of stock on a fine stock range. His equipment included farm implements, oat reaper, cane mill and syrup kettle, two wagons, and two buggies.
Sallie Butler Devane died June 15, 1896. A brief death announcement appeared in the Tifton Gazette.
Tifton Gazette
July 10, 1896
Mrs. Sallie Devane, of this county, wife of Mr. William Devane, died on Tuesday of last week.
Grave of Sarah Butler Devane (1842-1896), Pleasant Cemetery, Berrien County, GA.
William Devane died March 8, 1909.
Graves of William DeVane and Sarah Butler DeVane, Pleasant Cemetery, Berrien County, GA
Grave of William Devane, Pleasant Cemetery, near Ray City, GA
A series of legal advertisements regarding the estate of William Devane appeared in the local papers:
Valdosta Times
March 27, 1909
Notice to Debtors and Creditors All parties having claims against the estate of the late Wm. Devane, are requested to present them properly made out, to the undersigned. Those indebted to his estate will please make settlement at once.
The deceased at the time of his death was not indebted to any of the heirs.
C. C. Devane,
Hahira, Ga., R. F. D. 5.
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Tifton Gazette
November 19, 1909
Notice of Sale.
We will sell to the highest bidder for cash, on the 24th day of November, in Berrien county, at the Wm. Devane estate, the following property: 935 acres of land; one farm containing 150, the other 785 acres; 175 in cultivation, 120 head of stock. Farming implements, oat reaper, cane mill and syrup kettle; two wagons; two buggies; 350 bushels of corn; six tons of cotton seed. Heirs of Wm. DeVane.
Valdosta Times
November 20, 1909
Public Sale
We will sell to the highest bidder, for cash on the 24th day of November, in Berrien county at the Wm. DeVane place, the following property: 2 farms containing 935 acres, 150 in one, 785 acres in the other; 111 acres in cultivation; fair Improvements—timber is fine; 120 head of stock and farming Implements. C. C. Devane, Hahira, Ga., R. F. D. No. 5.
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Valdosta Times
August 14, 1912
FOR SALE—A fine plantation, One of the best in Berrien county, containing 935 acres, within 4 1/2 miles of Georgia and Florida railroad. Nearest station, Ray’s Mill. 6-horse farm in state of cultivation. Soil very productive, will produce bale of cotton to the acre, other crops in proportion. One six-room dwelling, one three-room and a tenant house on the place. Good water. Near schools and churches. Fine stock range. River runs through edge of land. Public road through farm. Will sell on account of division between heirs. If desired stock, mules, hogs, cattle, goats and farm implements can be bought at reasonable prices. C. C. DeVane, Hahira, Ga., R.F.D.
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